Listen Sufiana Kalam - Top 100 Sufi Hits by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan

Beginning in the 9th century

enlivened by the works of Sufi poets,

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Muslim Spain[edit]

Beginning in the 9th century

and continuing throughout the 10th century, al-Andalus was

home to fairly strict, orthodox beliefs and practices.^[7] Quranic

studies and jurisprudence (fiqh) were the accepted and

promoted types of scholarship that shaped the region’s

beliefs and practices. Early fuqaha in

Spain were somewhat skeptical of philosophical thought

as well as of Sufism. In later centuries, especially the twelfth

and thirteenth, Sufism became more accepted and somewhat

assimilated into Andalusi Islam.^[8]

Scholars have generally seen this later flourishing in two

different ways. For some, it reflects the influence of the

mystical tradition in Cordoba attributed to Ibn Masarra.^[9]

Others give exclusive credit to the influence of eastern

mystics, most often including al-Ghazali’s thoughts and teachings.^[10]

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been credited as being the earliest introduction of Sufism

to Spain: Ibn Masarra.^[11] He lived from 883 to 931 and was

born outside of Cordoba. Many consider him to have

established the first Sufi school in the province; however,

his teachings were outside of the so-called “mainstream”

Sufism that was more common in the East during his lifetime

.^[12] With Ibn Masarra there was a “brief flowering”^[13] of Sufism

in Spain, and later Spanish Sufis reflected his influence on them.

After Ibn Masarra’s death, in 940 his followers fell under heavy

persecution under the jurists who destroyed Ibn Masarra’s works

and also forced his followers to recant.^[14] The effects of his

thought and that of his disciples would appear again in the twelfth

and thirteenth centuries amidst later Sufis such as Ibn Arabi.^[15]

Many people began to read and translate the works of philosophers

such as Aristotle and Plato.At the forefront of the philosophical movement in Spain were Ibn

Bajjah, Ibn Tufail, Ibn Rushd, and a Jewish scholar named I

bn Maimun.^[16] Ibn Tufail introduced the element of Sufism

into this philosophical way of thinking. Andalusi Sufism was

at its peak at this time.^[17]Also at this time, eastern Sufism

was developing more as a communal movement, whereas

that of the West (including in al-Andalus), it remained largely an individual pursuit.^[18]

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